ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AN ACIDIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2(,NN-XLB-PLA2) FROM THE VENOM OF NAJA NAJA (INDIAN COBRA)

Mrinmoy Kumar Ghosh, Sourav Maiti, Binaya Kumar Sethy* and Sani Das

ABSTRACT

Bacterial resistance against common antibiotics has become a critical condition against human health and has serious side effects. To overcome these problems, new methods to develop new molecules have received special attention in recent years. This review studies the antibacterial activity of an acidic protein NN-Xib-PLA2 (Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 fraction— Xib) of Naja naja venom experimented; the result showed great antibacterial activity against gram+ve bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and gram-ve bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration value from 1720ug/ml. The result showed a strong correlation between PLA2 activities and hemolytic and antibacterial activity. The result also showed that in the presence of p-bromophenol bromide, there is a significant inhibition of enzymatic activity with bactericidal effects. These studies show the different paths to studying molecular mechanisms of antibacterial properties of NNXib PLA2, which will help to develop this protein into a possible therapeutic lead molecule to treat bacterial infection. Snake venoms are complex mixtures; mainly it has proteins that have enzymatic activities, inorganic cations, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron and manganese. Zinc is necessary for anti-cholinesterase activity; Calcium is required for the activation of enzymes such as phospholipase. Some snake venoms also contain carbohydrates, lipids, biogenic amines, and free amino acids. Proteins found in snake venom include toxins, neurotoxins, non-toxic proteins, and many enzymes, especially hydrolytic ones. Enzymes are inherently proteins, including digestive hydrolases, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipases, thrombin-like procoagulants, and kallikrein-like serine proteases and metalloproteinases (hemorrhagins) that damage vascular endothelium. Phosphodiesterase enzymes disrupt the prey's cardiac system, primarily to lower blood pressure. Phospholipase A2 causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell membrane red blood cells. Amino acid oxidases and proteases are used for digestion. Amino acid oxidase also triggers some other enzymes and is responsible for the yellow color of the venom. Hyaluronidase enzymes increase tissue permeability to accelerate uptake of other enzymes into tissueSnake venom is being studied for the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, and thrombosis. Venoms from rattlesnakes and other crotalids produce changes in blood vessel resistance, changes in blood cells and clotting, and changes in heart and lung dynamics. The individual effects of all toxins integrate into fatal dysfunctions of almost every organ system. Such a toxin mimetic can help to pharmaceutically influence a specific bodily function for the benefit of human health. Such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials or consideration for further pharmaceutical use, particularly in the areas of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation and metastasis. Snake venom has great potential as a medicine because of all the compounds it contains and their specific effects. Two analgesics come from cobra venom; Cobroxin, like morphine, is used to block nerve transmission and nyloxine reduces severe arthritis pain. The Arvin compound from the Malayan pit viper is a potent anticoagulant. Venom components allow researchers to develop novel drugs to treat many diseases, such as neural epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease and poliomyelitis, musculoskeletal disorders. The combination of snake venoms (SVs) could synergistically enhance the antiproliferative effects at low doses on liver cancer cells (HepG2). In such researches, gene expression for apoptotic, inflammatory, antioxidant and cell cycle regulators has been determined. Various compounds from venomous animals such as spiders, scorpions, snakes, caterpillars, centipedes, wasps, bees, toads, ants, and frogs have widely shown biotechnological and pharmacological applications against many diseases including cancer. Snake venoms have been reported to have cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. This potency is based on the inhibition of cell proliferation and the promotion of cell death by activating the apoptotic mechanisms.

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