NOROVIRUS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF STRUCTURE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, AND CONTROL MEASURES

Ali Haider, Saira Sattar*, Saqafat Ahmad, Tehreem Javed, Muhammad Wajid, Naeem Akhtar and Asima Ameen

ABSTRACT

Norovirus, a highly contagious virus, has significantly evolved, becoming a major global public health concern. First identified in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, in 1972, it is now the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths annually, predominantly in developing countries. Outbreaks are common in colder climates and confined spaces, presenting symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. The elderly are particularly vulnerable, contributing to significant healthcare and economic burdens. Recent outbreaks in the UK underscore the urgent need for effective control measures, despite challenges posed by the virus's rapid mutation rate. This literature review delves into norovirus structure, classification, epidemiology, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and laboratory diagnosis. Understanding these aspects is crucial for mitigating transmission and resurgence, particularly in healthcare settings and among susceptible populations. Effective control measures and improved diagnostic techniques are vital to combat this persistent and evolving threat to global health.

Keywords: Norovirus, Gastroenteritis, Transmission pathways, RT-PCR diagnostics, Public health measures.