THE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN PREVENTING AND MANAGING METABOLIC SYNDROME: EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACHES

Ghadeer Ghazi Al Khabbaz*, Amani Ayyadhah alanazi, Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Saadoun, Maha Mahdi Alanazi, Abdulaziz Ahmad Alrashidi, Osamah Musa Almutairi, Zaid Helal Alanazi, Sultan Sulaman E Alharbi, Mshaweh Mohammed Alshammry, Ahmed Ibrahim Alahmad, Naif Saad Alqahtani, Hamad Marshud Alotaibi, Bander Khalid Baurasien

ABSTRACT

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) encompasses a cluster of interrelated metabolic disorders, including obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The condition has become increasingly prevalent globally, correlating with lifestyle factors such as poor dietary habits and sedentary behavior. MetS contributes to serious health complications, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the role of various dietary patterns and bioactive compounds in preventing and managing MetS, using evidence-based approaches. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review, focusing on the impact of energy-restricted diets, omega-3 fatty acids, low glycemic index/load diets, total antioxidant capacity, moderate-high protein diets, high meal frequency patterns, Mediterranean diet, and specific nutrients such as vitamin C and hydroxytyrosol on MetS. Results: Energy-restricted diets effectively reduce weight and improve metabolic markers, including lowering LDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides. Omega-3 fatty acids show moderate evidence in reducing cardiovascular risks and inflammation. Low glycemic index/load diets help stabilize blood glucose levels, while diets high in antioxidants improve oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Moderate-high protein diets may enhance satiety and metabolic outcomes, though results are mixed. The Mediterranean diet is consistently beneficial, associated with reduced risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Bioactive compounds like vitamin C and hydroxytyrosol offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Conclusion: Dietary interventions play a crucial role in managing MetS. While energy-restricted and Mediterranean diets show significant benefits, the effectiveness of other dietary patterns varies. Personalized nutrition strategies incorporating bioactive compounds could enhance MetS management and prevention.

Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome, Dietary Patterns, Bioactive Compounds, Obesity, Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Mediterranean Diet.