SYNTHETIC AND HERBAL APPROCHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Patle R. R.*, Nandgaye D. C., Fulwar R. D., Udapure H. N., Harinkhede A. G., Pande S. K., Rane P. T. and Kapgate K. S.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic abnormality in which there is a failure to utilise glucose and hence a state of
hyperglycaemia can occur. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, leading
to vision loss and blindness. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to DR
pathogenesis. This review discusses the stages of DR, including non-proliferative and proliferative forms, and
highlights the importance of early detection and timely intervention. This review compares synthetic drugs
(bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, brolucizumab, faricimab) and natural products (turmeric, tulsi,
moringaoleifera, fenugreek, green tea) in DR treatment. Synthetic drugs target vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) and angiogenesis, while natural products exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic
properties. Studies demonstrate efficacy of both approaches, but natural products offer potential advantages,
including: Multi-target mechanisms, Lower risk of adverse effects, Cost-effectiveness, Enhanced bioavailability.

Keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy, Synthetic Drugs, Herbal Drugs, Anti-VEGF.