REVIEW ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ULCER

Mayank M. Chaware*, Sushil R. Patle, Siddhant Mandal, Rita Soyam and Upadesh B. Lade

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a comprehensive review of gastrointestinal (GI) ulcers, focusing primarily on peptic ulcers, which include gastric and duodenal ulcers. These are among the most common GI disorders and result from an imbalance between harmful factors (e.g., excessive gastric acid) and protective factors (such as the mucosal barrier) in the stomach or duodenum. The paper discusses several key causes of ulcer formation, including Helicobacter pylori infection, which significantly contributes to ulcer development, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, which can damage the stomach lining, and stress, which may exacerbate ulceration through increased acid secretion and impaired mucosal defenses. The pathophysiology of ulcers involves the erosion of the stomach or duodenal lining due to the imbalance between aggressive and protective factors. The review also covers diagnostic approaches, including endoscopy, H. pylori testing (urea breath tests and stool antigen tests), and imaging techniques, all of which aid in identifying and assessing ulcers.In terms of treatment, the paper outlines pharmacological therapies like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce gastric acid production and antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding NSAIDs, smoking cessation, and dietary changes, are also emphasized. For severe cases, surgical interventions may be necessary. Ultimately, the paper provides an in-depth understanding of GI ulcers, highlighting their causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract, Ulcers, Peptic ulcer, Gastric ulcer, Duodenal ulcer, Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs.