UNVEILING CANCER: AN IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF CAUSES, RISK FACTORS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

Mekala Anusha, Shaik Parveen, *Asfia Tabassum and Dodda Thanmai Naga Bhavani

ABSTRACT

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths annually. It is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. Risk factors for cancer include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and infectious agents. Clinical presentation varies depending on the type and location of the cancer, but common symptoms include pain, weight loss, fatigue, and changes in skin or bowel habits. Early detection and treatment are critical to improving cancer outcomes and reducing mortality. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies, which may be used alone or in combination. Despite advances in cancer treatment, there is still a need for more effective and less toxic therapies. Ongoing research is focused on developing new treatments and improving existing ones to enhance patient outcomes.Cancer, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Head and Neck cancer, Ovarian cancer, Lung cancer, Liver cancer.

Keywords: Cancer, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Prostate cancer, Breast cancer, Head and Neck cancer, Ovarian cancer, Lung cancer, Liver cancer.